As in Rus' lovers called each other. Affectionate names and nicknames that girls in Rus' called their lovers

How does a woman address her beloved now? Most often, such words as “sun”, “bunny”, “bear cub” or even “pusik” are used. But the need for tenderness was inherent in people of all nations and at all times. It's just that affectionate addresses were different. In the old days, women did not feel equal to men. That is why they did not allow themselves a condescending, caressing tone in relation to their spouse.

Men, on the other hand, considered themselves the protectors of their wives, the breadwinners of the family. Therefore, in their affectionate appeal to their wives, patronage was seen. I propose to remember how people showed tenderness to each other in the days of Kievan Rus. Perhaps from a rich arsenal of ancient endearing appeals can we get a couple for modern use too? It's not all the time to call your beloved husbands "cats"!

pagan times

There is a lot of evidence that before the adoption of Christianity, people in Rus' felt more liberated. Relations before marriage, including intimate ones, were not considered something shameful. At the same time, the girls were free, like the guys, to choose a mate for themselves, and not wait until they were paid attention. A woman could tell a man she liked that he was "comfortable" - desired, beloved, sweet.

The Slavs revered the god of love Lel. This character in the pagan pantheon was responsible for passion, for that spark that slips between two people. Lel was the son of the goddess of beauty Lada, who was also responsible for the consent between the spouses. The echo of these beliefs can be traced in the words "cherish" and "get along" (between themselves).

The piety before the god of love was so strong that the girls often called their chosen one Lelem, and also Lyubich. And the men, respectively, called their sweetheart Frets. But women changed the name of the goddess and called their loved ones Lado or even more affectionately - Ladushko.

During the pagan festivities, the Slavs staged orgies, where they indulged in sinful sin. All this was done for a better harvest and to appease the natural elements, and therefore no special affectionate nicknames were used for random partners.

Rus' Christian

After the baptism of the Slavs, morals became stricter, and sexual relations before marriage began to be considered a sin. But not every bride cursed herself for the crown. Moreover, the church has not been able to completely eradicate the old rituals and traditions from the masses of the people. In Svyatki, in one rural hut, girls and guys converged on “evening parties”.

For decency, they also invited a local respectable matron or an old man famous for his piety. But young people could freely communicate, and sometimes form relationships. Of course, sexual intimacy was an excess, but young people could hold hands, hug, and even kiss. Regardless of gender, such lovers said to each other: “My dear friend!”.

premarital relationship

What was the girl supposed to do to make the guy understand: she likes him so much that he can send matchmakers? Too passionate kisses, and even more so intimacy, were severely condemned by society. I had to use verbal signals. But how to say something that girlish shame does not allow? “My clear month”, “delight of my heart” and “lovable friend” - these are sweet words with which a modest maiden could turn to her beloved.

In response, the guy could call her “darling”, “belushka”, “darling”, “darling”, “darling”, “darling” and “cherish”. And the girl could be sure that her lover would not leave her, but would come to woo if he uttered the words: “You are my betrothed!”. Then she also had to say: “And you are my betrothed” (appointed by fate).

Endearment between spouses

In marriage, the wife often spoke words to her husband that veiledly praised his strength as a partner: “hero”, “good fellow”, etc. But there were other caresses. For example, “my clear falcon”, “the light of my eyes”. These expressions were not considered pompous in that era. After all, the husband was a beacon for his wife, her guide through the world. And the wife was the soul of a man, that for which he lives and works.

Therefore, the beloved often said: “My soul!”. Of course, most of the affectionate addresses to the wife in one way or another praised her beauty: “white swan”, “grey-winged dove”, “beloved beauty”. But there were gentle words with sexual overtones: "My warm warmer."

Isn't it nice? I think that displays of tenderness in the old days were more poetic than they are now. Then people were not so alienated by the stereotypical phrases "dear", "cute", "sweet". It is worth showing a little imagination to warm your loved one with the warmth of your soul.

In the Old Slavonic language, a man was denoted by the majestic word "husband" (mo˛zhъ), which most fully revealed the essence of a male person and contrasted him with women - wives. “And Oleg came to Smolensk and put your husband in it” (“The Tale of Bygone Years”).

The word "husband" itself is of Indo-European origin and is related to this word in other languages. For example, with the word man in English. Moreover, often in related languages, the same word or its derivative denotes a spouse - a man who is the husband of his wife.

In addition to “husband”, to denote the age of a man and indicate his legal capacity in Rus', there were such words as “boy”, “lad” and “old man” “... and deciding the elder of the kozars:“ No good tribute, prince! .. ”(there same).

A man could also be designated according to his social status - a slave, a servant, a prince, a warrior.

How did it happen that the biblical “husband” became a man, and then a man at all, that is, they began to designate him with a word that carries a share of derogation?

Men were "great" and "small"

The philologist Valery Anatolyevich Efremov, who studied the problem of naming a man, in his work “Nominations of a Man in the Russian Language” (magazine “The World of the Russian Word”) indicates that up to the 13th century a free citizen was called a husband in Rus'. Not a slave or a servant. Moreover, among the husbands there was a hierarchy.

The annals often spoke of "noble", "glorious", "great" men and "lesser" or "younger" men. Obviously, in the latter case, it was not always about the younger generation, but also about simpler people who were also free citizens, but had less responsibility to other people and the fatherland and did not have a noble origin.

A man is a community!

Around the 15th century, the word “man” began to appear in chronicles and letters in various variations - “man”, “man”. It is derived from the adjective "muzhsk" by adding the suffix -schin (a), which has the meaning of collectiveness, generalization (by analogy with the Smolensk region, foreign land or boyars).

Initially, the word "man" was used as a vernacular, but over time it began to enter into the colloquial speech of Russian people. Gradually, it lost its original meaning of community and began to mean "male person", by analogy with "woman", "hillbilly" or "fatherless".

How a "husband" became a husband

The separation of the semantic meaning of the words "husband" and "man" occurred around the 18th century. The impersonal "man" replaced "husband" as a representative of the sex, and "husband" in a neutral context began to mean married man. And in the "high" style, they began to call a worthy person who has merits before others. The phrases “this worthy husband”, “learned men” and others also spread.

In the 19th century, the word "man" came into active use, and the 20th century finally fixed this word in the lexicon of Soviet citizens, but this was done for the sake of ... ideology! But everything is in order.

Where did the "men" come from?

As for the word “muzhik”, as Efremov writes, it arose at about the same time as “man” - around the 15th century and is first encountered in Afanasy Nikitin’s “Journey Beyond Three Seas”, who writes: “And the peasants and the women are all naked, and all are black.”

According to philologists, the word “muzhik” comes from the fact that in Rus' common people were often referred to as minors, incompetent in the full sense of the word, limited by some circumstances, such as poverty.

Are the Bolsheviks to blame?

For the first three centuries, this word carried all three meanings - it meant, in fact, a man, as a male carrier, a married man, and they also called peasants, residents countryside. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the word was completely neutral, as the Dictionary of the Russian Academy defined it, and only with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks did a sharp separation of the meanings of the words “man” and “muzhik” occur.

They began to call a peasant a rude, uncouth person and began to oppose him to a “man”, who was supposed to be smart and educated, “real”. An opposition man-muzhik was formed, in which the latter was assigned the role of an ideological marginal - a fist drugged by priests or a drunkard and a slob.

The Man is back!

However, recently, as V. A. Efremov notes, a positive assessment begins to return to the word “man”: “A real man!”, “He is an honest hard worker, and most importantly, a man!”, While the word “man” acquires more and more negative shades, which are associated with the inability of intellectuals to quickly solve everyday problems, with the "effeminacy" of the townspeople and, possibly, with homosexuality.

Scientists do not know what is the reason for such a rethinking of old words: perhaps self-consciousness is returning to the Russian people, or maybe in the urban cultural environment people are just playing with words. In any case, scientists believe that soon the word "man" may finally replace the word "man".

Yoga is the ability to direct the mind exclusively towards an object and keep that direction without being distracted.

> > >

In Rus', they called a beloved man - "The light of my eyes", because a man is the Way, this is an arrow indicating the ascent to the upper worlds.
loving woman admiringly looks at her beloved, as at a light that helps her not to forget herself.

And the woman was called - "My soul."

Because it reminds of that, for the sake of which it only makes sense to move on this Path. Everything is just for the soul. There is no sense in anything: neither in wars, nor accomplishments, nor in knowledge, nor in abilities - if the soul is forgotten.

A man looks at his woman and cannot be afraid, cannot betray, cannot give up, because his soul looks at him through her eyes. And will not accept any false excuses. Don't lie to your soul.

And sometimes he will become coarse in battles so that even the battles themselves will become the meaning of life. And he will look into her eyes, hear her voice - the coldness of his heart will melt. And he will stop shedding blood and cry. It will melt the ice that fettered the soul

Or vice versa: he will throw off the yoke and stand up to his full height, take up arms and fight until he frees his soul and his people, or until he dies in this battle. And in moments of fear for the body, her eyes will stand before him. And fear will recede before this look. And go into battle...

What is a man for a woman?

When the woman-shorewoman gets confused, gets bogged down in the bustle, saving everything and even forgetting why she saves it, she will look into his eyes and remember.
He won't even remember, but he will see the Way directly.
And she will understand why she should cherish, why she should keep it, and why not give up even a tiny bit of beauty.
Why provide space?
Why not turn into a kitchen woman.
There is great meaning in all this, because through the eyes of the beloved one can see the light of the Other World.
And this world is the real Home and Motherland. He is waiting. He is not an invention. Because the man himself carries his spirit in everything that he does ...

This raw yoghurt tastes very similar to regular milk yoghurt without the negative effects. effects on the body, which are provided by modern yogurts made from milk and various chemicals. Before writing this recipe for a good “yogurt”, I will tell you about the dangers of purchased yogurts that are sold in stores and supermarkets:

In nature, structured water is formed as a result of the melting of glaciers. And where can I get it in the city? It is useless to search on the shelves of superfood markets - “melt water” is not yet sold. But you can do it yourself. It won't even take long

Performing variations of Sarvangasana stimulates the whole body, which occurs by increasing blood circulation and getting rid of toxins. Sarvangasana is similar in its effect to tonic preparations. It is ideal for restoring strength after an illness.

In Rus', they called a beloved man - the Light of my eyes, because a man is the Way, this is an arrow indicating the ascent to the upper worlds. A loving woman admiringly looks at her beloved as a light that helps her not to forget herself.

And the woman was called - “My soul.

A man looks at his woman and cannot be afraid, cannot betray, cannot give up, because his soul looks at him through her eyes. And will not accept any false excuses. Don't lie to your soul.

What is a man for a woman?

When the woman-shorewoman gets confused, gets bogged down in the bustle, saving everything and even forgetting why she saves it, she will look into his eyes and remember. He won't even remember, but he will see the Way directly. And she will understand why she should cherish, why she should keep it, and why not give up even a tiny bit of beauty. Why provide space? Why not turn into a kitchen woman. There is great meaning in all this, because through the eyes of the beloved one can see the light of the Other World. And this world is the real Home and Motherland. He is waiting. He is not an invention. Because the man himself carries his spirit in everything that he does ...

In each of us there are both masculine and feminine energies.

A man is a giver: care, finance, shelter. Courage is manifested in the way of giving. If he does not feel the oncoming flow female love he stops giving. A man needs a woman to LOVE him: not to teach, not to educate, but to ACCEPT him.

Femininity is revealed in acceptance. She must learn to accept: his decisions, his reactions, his essence.

The woman's ability to accept her man without reasoning develops the man's ability to give his power to the woman; the love of a woman consists in accepting a man, the ability to embrace love with emotional energy puts a woman in a number of human virtues. Tenderness, humility, respect, tolerance - these four energies teach a man to live through generosity. A protective field is formed around him, the strength of which is life aspirations, success.

If a woman possesses these energies, a man becomes magnanimous, and a protective energy shell is formed around him: career growth, success in life, emotional balance.

Modern women carry too many masculine energies. They have forgotten how to love with their hearts and feelings. Love began to come from the mind. Girls strive to choose a husband not with their hearts, but with their minds: he earns well, he has his own property, he will be a good father ...

In women, the energies that are necessary for procreation have changed: the woman also began to give herself, showing excessive concern for her son, preventing him from manifesting his masculine qualities; about her husband, becoming him not a wife, but a mother. This is - male ways of creating with your mind. All this affects the exchange of energies between a man and a woman ... It is from here that a large number of disagreement in a couple.

The main manifestation of Femininity is acceptance. The ability to accept a man in all its manifestations. This does not mean to humiliate yourself in front of him. This means being able to envelop him with vitality, unconditional love, from which he will draw his strength and give the woman even more of his creativity, his victories, his joyful accomplishments ..